Most materials are brought into nonequilibrium states during processing and during their service life. Materials for nuclear and space applications, for instance, are continuously exposed to energetic ...

A famous problem at the intersection of topology and combinatorial graph theory is the Utility Problem. Say you have three houses and three utilities and you need to connect each house to each utility ...

Fractals are repeating patterns in which substructures at smaller scales resemble structures at larger scales 1. These shapes are fascinating because they can be constructed using simple mathematical ...

Article subjects are automatically applied from the ACS Subject Taxonomy and describe the scientific concepts and themes of the article. In numerous industrial applications that involve pure ...